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A
Henry Adams
Henry Adams (1832-1918)
The Education of Henry Adams
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HADAMS/ha_home.html
Adams, Henry Brooks (1838-1918), American historian, philosopher of
history, and cultural critic, who wrote one of the most outstanding
American autobiographies.
A son of the elder Charles Francis Adams, Adams was born in Boston, on
February 16, 1838, and educated at Harvard University. After his graduation
(1858) from Harvard, Adams traveled for two years in Germany and Italy.
From 1860 to 1868 he was private secretary to his father. He then decided
to become a teacher and from 1869 to 1876 was assistant professor of
history at Harvard, where he introduced the seminar system of instruction.
During part of that period he also edited the periodical North American Review. After 1885 he devoted himself almost entirely to historical research and writing. Adams traveled extensively in Europe, spending considerable time in France. He died in Washington, D.C., on March 27, 1918.
Adams's most impressive achievement as a historian is his History of the
United States of America During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison (9 vol., 1889-91), in which he contended that the decisions
and policies of the period from 1801 to 1817 shaped the main course of
subsequent American political development. Among his other writings are two
biographies, The Life of Albert Gallatin (1879) and John Randolph (1882).
He wrote two novels, Democracy (1880), a political satire, and Esther
(1884), a story about New York City society.
His Degradation of the Democratic Dogma (1919) includes three essays on his
philosophy of history. In this work Adams introduced his dynamic theory of
history. Derived from the second law of thermodynamics, the theory
maintains that mechanical energy is in a constant state of dissipation.
Human history is similarly devoid of purpose and consists merely of a
succession of energy phases. Another major contribution to the philosophy of history is found in the privately printed Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres (1904), a
sensitive and penetrating discussion of medieval culture. In his most
widely read book, The Education of Henry Adams (1906; posthumous Pulitzer
Prize, 1919), he discussed the fundamental character of the history of
Western civilization. The book is an autobiography written in the third
person with detached skepticism and delicate irony. Its main concern was to
indict the educational system of his day
for its failure to prepare an intelligent man for the chaos of modern life.
Adams's works reveal a profound concern with the destiny of the modern
world. His prose style is forceful, as is his treatment of ideas. Although
he thought of his privately published books as unsatisfactory, later
critics place them among the important works of the 20th century.
Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.)
The Plays of Aeschylus
The Oresteia
Agamemnon
http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/agamemnon.html
85K text-only translation by E.D.A. Morshead available free for download. Also
site for commentary.
Choephoroe
Eumendides
http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/eumendides.html
53 K text-only translation by E.D.A Morshead available free for download.
Site also has posted
comments.
The Persians
http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/persians.html
49K text-only translation by Richard Potter available free for download.
Site also has posted comments.
Seven Against Thebes
http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/persians.html
51K text-only translation by E.D.A. Morshead available free for download.
Site also has posted comments.
The Suppliant Women
http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/suppliant.html
52K text-only translation by E.D.A. Morshead available free for download.
Site also has posted comments.
Prometheus Bound
http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/suppliant.html
56K text-only translation available free for download. Site also has posted
comments.
Aeschylus (525?-456 BC), Greek dramatist, the earliest of the great tragic
poets of Athens. As the predecessor of Sophocles and Euripides, he is
called the father of Greek tragedy. Aeschylus was born in Eleusis, near
Athens.
Aeschylus fought successfully against the Persians at Marathon in 490 BC,
at Salamís in 480 BC, and possibly at Plataea the following year. He made
at least two trips, perhaps three, to Sicily. During his final visit he died at Gela, where a monument was later erected in his memory.
Aeschylus is said to have written about 90 plays. His tragedies, first
performed about 500 BC, were presented as trilogies, or groups of three,
usually bound together by a common theme. Each trilogy was followed by a
satyr drama (low comedy involving a mythological hero, with a chorus of
satyrs). The titles of about 80 of his plays are known, but only 7 have
survived. The earliest is The Persians, presented in 472 BC, a historical
tragedy about the Battle of Salamís, with the scene laid in Persia at the
court of the mother of King Xerxes I. The Suppliants, a drama with little
action but many choral songs of great beauty, is believed to be the first
play of a trilogy about the marriage of the 50 daughters of Danaüs, which
included the plays The Egyptians and The Danaïds.
The Seven Against Thebes, produced in 467 BC, is based on a Theban legend
concerning the conflict between the two sons of Oedipus, Eteocles and
Polynices, for the throne of Thebes (see Seven Against Thebes). It is
believed to be the third play of a trilogy, the first two being Laius and
Oedipus. Prometheus Bound, a work of uncertain date, portrays the
punishment of the defiant Prometheus by Zeus. It is probably the first play
of a Promethean trilogy, the others being Prometheus Unbound and Prometheus
the Fire-Bringer.
The remaining three plays-Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The
Eumenides-produced in 458 BC, form the trilogy known as the Oresteia, or
story of Orestes. In Agamemnon, one of the greatest works of dramatic
literature, King Agamemnon returns home from the Trojan War and is
treacherously murdered by his faithless wife Clytemnestra. In the second
play, Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, returns to Argos and avenges the
murder of his father by slaying his mother and her paramour Aegisthus. This
act of matricide is in turn punished by the avenging goddesses, the
Erinyes. In The Eumenides, the Erinyes pursue Orestes until he is cleansed
of his blood guilt and set free by the ancient court of the Areopagus
through the intercession of Athena, goddess of wisdom.
By introducing the innovation of a second actor, Aeschylus created the
possibility of dramatic dialogue in which the action of a play is
advanced.
He also elaborated the staging of the drama, introducing costumes and
scenery. The characteristics of his works are the profundity of theme and
the grandeur of the poetry recited by the chorus. The Oresteia, probably
his most mature work, provides an insight into his concepts of justice and
mercy and his belief in a divine will, which can help humanity achieve
wisdom through suffering.
Louisa May Alcott
Apollonius
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Archimedes
Aristophanes
Aristotle
W. H. Auden
Saint Augustine
Marcus Aurelius
Jane Austen
B
Francis Bacon
Honoré de Balzac
Karl Barth
Charles Baudelaire
James Beck
Samuel Beckett
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
George Berkeley
Claude Bernard
William Blake
Giovanni Boccaccio
Boethius
Niels Bohr
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
George Boole
James Boswell
L. Brent Bozell
Robert Boyle
Brontë Sisters (Emily & Charlotte)
John Bunyan
John William Burgess
Jacob Burckhardt
Edmund Burke
James Burnham
Lord Byron
C
John Calvin
Albert Camus (1913-1960)
Lewis Carroll
Miguel de Cervantes
William Henry Chamberlin
Whitakker Chambers
Geoffrey Chaucer
Anton Chekhov
Cicero
Clausewitz
William Colby
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Auguste Comte
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
James Fenimore Cooper
Nicolaus Copernicus
Pierre Corneille
D
John Dalton
Dante Alighieri
Charles Darwin
Donald Davidson
Christopher Dawson
Daniel Defoe
Leo Dennen
Rene Descartes
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
Emily Dickinson
Theodosius Dobzhansky
John Donne
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Alexander Dumas
The Three Musketeers http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Emile Durkheim
E
Arthur Eddington
Albert Einstein
George Eliot
T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)
One of the most distinguished literary figures of the 20th century. T. S. Eliot won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Epictetus
Julius Epstein
Desiderius Erasmus
Euclid
Leonhard Euler
Euripides
F
Michael Faraday
William Faulkner
Pierre de Fermat
Henry Fielding
F. Scott Fitzgerald
John T. Flynn
E. M. Forster
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Benjamin Franklin
James George Frazer
Gottlob Frege
Sigmund Freud
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
Lon Fuller
G
Galen
Galileo Galilei
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Friedrich Gentz
Edward Gibbon
Kurt Gödel
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Nikolia Gogol
Oliver Goldsmith
Igo Gouzenko
H
John Hallowell
G. H. Hardy
Thomas Hardy
William Harvey
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Friedrich von Hayek
Georg Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel
Martin Heidegger
Werner Heisenberg
Ernst Hemingway
Herodotus
David Hilbert
Hippocrates
Thomas Hobbes
Friedrich Hölderlin
Homer
Victor Hugo
Johan Huizinga
David Hume
Edward Hunter
Edmund Husserl
Aldous Huxley
William Hutt
Christiaan Huygens
I
Henrik Ibsen
J
Henry James
William James
Harry Jaffa
Stanley Jaki
Thomas Jefferson
John Jewkes
Samuel Johnson
Bertrand de Jouvenel
James Joyce
Carl Gustav Jung
K
Immanuel Kant
John Keats
Willmoore Kendall
Johannes Kepler
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Rudyard Kipling
Russell Kirk
Israel Kirzner
Frank Knight
Arthur Koestler
Victor Kravchenko
Erik Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
L
Suzanne Labin
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
D.H. Lawrence
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Bruno Leoni
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Livy
John Locke
Henri du Lubac
Lucretius
Martin Luther
Eugene Lyons
M
Niccolò Machiavelli
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Mann (1875-1955)
Karl Marx
James Clerk Maxwell
Herman Melville
Typee http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Omoo: Adventures in the South Seas http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Gregor Mendel
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Frank Meyer
John Stuart Mill
John Milton
Ludwig von Mises
Molière
Thomas Molnar
Felix Morley
Michel de Montaigne
Baron de Montesquieu
Sir Thomas More
N
John Henry Newman (1801-1890)
P
Samuel Pepys
The Concise Pepys
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)
R
Ernest Rhys (ed)
S
Sir Walter Scott
Adam Smith
Robert Louis Stevenson
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Kidnapped http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Treasure Island http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Prince Otto http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Jonathan Swift
T
William Makepeace Thackeray
Leo Tolstoy
War and Peace http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)
Mark Twain
Hickleberry Fin http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/
W
Edith Wharton
Owen Wister